A historical review of society’s reaction to crime and deviance and the continued pattern of the operation of the criminal justice system in the United Kingdom and North America, including within and impacting Indigenous cultures. The course relates this history to various political, legal, social, theoretical, philosophical movements and schools of thought. The development of the criminal law is traced through the development of the police institution, the judiciary and courts, and the birth of the prison and other secure institutions designed to control the deviant. Consideration of the history, transformation and evolution of punishment and imprisonment practice. This criminology course provides in-depth examination of historical forces influencing the development, implementation, and modification of criminal justice approaches.